Epilepsy

What seizures look like

Seizures vary widely. Generalised tonic-clonic seizures involve loss of consciousness and convulsions; absence seizures are brief blank episodes, most common in children; focal seizures start in one brain region and may or may not spread. Many people have a warning sign called an aura, such as an unusual smell, visual disturbance, or rising feeling in the abdomen, in the seconds before a seizure begins.

Medicines used in epilepsy

Most people with epilepsy achieve good seizure control with a single anticonvulsant. Valproic acid is one of the oldest and most broadly effective agents, used across many seizure types. Lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine are frequently chosen for focal epilepsy and are generally well tolerated. Topiramate works for both focal and generalised seizures. Gabapentin and primidone address specific seizure patterns. Ongoing treatment decisions belong with a neurology specialist, who will weigh seizure type, age, and individual response.

Living with epilepsy day to day

Consistent medicine timing matters as much as dose. Common triggers include sleep deprivation, alcohol, fever, and intense flickering light (a particular consideration at festivals across Asia). Many people with controlled epilepsy drive, work, and travel normally, though local regulations on driving with epilepsy vary by country, so checking national rules is worthwhile.

If a generalised seizure lasts more than five minutes or a person does not regain consciousness between seizures, call emergency services immediately.