Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

What the prostate does and why it grows

The prostate sits just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra. Its main job is to produce fluid that nourishes sperm. Hormonal changes as men age, particularly shifts in testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), drive the gland to slowly enlarge. This process is gradual and almost universal with age, though how much it affects urination varies widely between men.

Recognising the symptoms

BPH produces a cluster of lower urinary tract symptoms: a weak or interrupted urine stream, a feeling that the bladder has not fully emptied, difficulty starting urination, and needing to go frequently, including several times overnight (nocturia). Urgency, where the urge to urinate is sudden and difficult to defer, is also common.

Severe symptoms worth prompt attention include a complete inability to urinate (acute urinary retention) or blood in the urine, which should be assessed without delay.

How BPH is treated

Two main drug classes reduce symptoms. Alpha-blockers relax the smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck, improving urine flow quickly. Tamsulosin, terazosin, and alfuzosin all work this way. Five-alpha reductase inhibitors like dutasteride reduce prostate size over several months by blocking DHT. Combination therapy using both classes is often used for men with larger prostates. Tadalafil is also used for BPH, particularly when erectile dysfunction is present alongside urinary symptoms.

Lifestyle measures such as reducing fluid intake in the evening, limiting caffeine and alcohol, and practising bladder training techniques can meaningfully reduce nocturia and urgency without any medicine.